O acordo de leniência é firmado entre a pessoa jurídica que cometeu ato ilícito contra a administração pública, nacional ou estrangeira, mas que se dispõe a auxiliar nas investigações que levem a captura de outros envolvidos no crime, em troca de benefícios para sua pena.
O significado literal do acordo de leniência é garantir a “suavização” da punibilidade ao infrator que participou de atividade ilícita, mas que em troca passa a colaborar com as investigações com o intuito de denunciar outros infratores envolvidos no crime.
As definições do acordo de leniências estão estabelecidas na lei nº 12.846, de 1º de agosto de 2013, conhecida por Lei Anticorrupção.
O programa de leniência também faz parte do Sistema Brasileiro de Defesa da Concorrência, conforme descrito na lei nº 12.529, de 30 de novembro de 2011.
Além da necessidade de apresentar provas e informações que sejam relevantes para as investigações e captura de outros infratores, as empresas que se comprometem com o acordo de leniência devem implementar mecanismos internos que melhorem a integridade da sua organização (conhecido por programa de compliance), evitando que ocorram novos atos criminosos, que faltem com a ética e moral na administração pública.
“IV – a pessoa jurídica se comprometa a implementar ou a melhorar os mecanismos internos de integridade, auditoria, incentivo às denúncias de irregularidades e à aplicação efetiva de código de ética e de conduta” (Art. 16. Lei nº 12.846/2013)
O órgão responsável por celebrar os acordos de leniência no âmbito do Poder Executivo Federal é a Controladoria-Geral da União (CGU). No entanto, este benefício também pode ser concedido pelo Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica (CADE), como estabelece a lei nº 12.529/11.
A incorporação do programa de acordo de leniência no sistema jurídico brasileiro é fruto da observação de experiências vividas nos Estados Unidos, principalmente a partir do começo da década de 1990.
Benefícios do Acordo de Leniência 
Como “recompensa” pelo auxílio durante as investigações, na tentativa de se redimir pela participação no ato ilícito, o infrator sob acordo de leniência poderá ter a isenção total da multa, ou a sua redução em até 2/3 (dois terços) do valor total.
Outros possíveis benefícios podem incluir: isenção da proibição de receber do Governo Federal incentivos, subsídios e empréstimos; isenção de obrigatoriedade de publicação a punição e isenção ou atenuação da proibição de contratar com a Administração Pública.
No entanto, o acordo de leniência não exime a empresa de reparar todos os danos causados por decorrência de seus atos.
Acordo de leniência e Delação premiada
Ambos consistem em acordos firmados entre infratores e os respectivos órgãos responsáveis pelos processos de investigações criminais.
A principal diferença entre o acordo de leniência e a delação premiada está na concessão de ambas as práticas: o acordo de leniência é firmado por órgãos administrativos do Poder Executivo; a delação premiada, por sua vez, é celebrada pelo Poder Judiciário, em parceria com o Ministério Público.
Em ambos os casos, o acusado deverá se comprometer em compactuar com as investigações do ato criminoso do qual participou.
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